Using a text editor in professional activities. Professional capabilities of text editors in professional activities. Creation of business documents using text editors. An example of a text document preparation program
text editor program onomast
To create, modify (edit) and print text documents, special application programs are used, which are called text editors.
Text editors MultiEdit, MS DOS Editor, MS Word versions 5.0 and 5.5 run under MS DOS. Modern text editors WordPad and MS Word versions 6.0 and higher are designed to work under Windows control. They are word processors that work in graphic mode and are capable of performing the following traditional operations on text:
1. Creating text - entering and modifying alphanumeric information, moving through the text, deleting and inserting characters and lines, searching and replacing text fragments.
2. Formatting characters - setting fonts, their size, color, style, etc., formatting paragraphs - aligning to the width of the page, etc.
3. Design of text pages - automatic page numbering, input of footnotes and headers.
4. Spell checking, selection of synonyms and automatic word hyphenation.
5. View and print the document.
The word processor MS Word is one of the main elements of the integrated Microsoft Office technology software package.
MS Word has become widespread in our country and is a kind of standard used in the preparation of documents, abstracts, reports and other publications.
Modern word processors allow you to compose three types of documents:
1) documents for printing on paper;
2) electronic documents;
3) Web documents for use on the Internet.
Using the MS Word text editor in the scientific activities of an onomast researcher
Information technologies in philological activities -
a set of methods, techniques and means of processing text information. Using MS Word, when writing a scientific paper, the following operations are performed: creating a text document, editing and formatting the document, saving the created document on external media with the ability to make changes, as well as subsequent corrections and additions. These operations are found in the text editor menu. You can determine the most important text editor functions for philology that the MS Word editor is capable of performing:
ample opportunities inclusion of special characters, drawings, illustrations, graphs, diagrams, etc. in the document;
Spell checking using built-in dictionaries in different languages;
syntax checking;
selection of synonyms;
automation of frequently performed similar operations;
automatic creation of table of contents;
Despite the fact that philology is a field of activity where speech literacy is of particular importance and where it is taught over several years, we can say that even perfect knowledge of the rules of the Russian language cannot insure an educated person when working with a large amount of information and the need to enter a large number of characters due to a careless error or a trivial typo. In this case, the MS WORD spell checking mode is indispensable.
True, it cannot be said that built-in spell checkers are a panacea for all errors. This is wrong. The program can miss a mistake, or, conversely, point out an error that actually does not exist. The final decision is made not by the program, but by the person. The program only signals a possible error.
The program provides two spell checking modes:
atic (background scan mode);
Check in background operates continuously interactively. An underline indicates a potential error. Spelling errors are highlighted with a red wavy line. The green line underlines phrases that are grammatically questionable.
Some users complain that underlining potential errors in the text distracts them from their work - in this case, background checking can be disabled. When writing essays, articles, reports, books that require concentration, it is recommended to turn off the background check, replacing it with a thorough spell check after completing work with documents.
In the research activities of a specialist in the field of onomastics, a particularly important role is played by the ability to construct diagrams and diagrams depicting the structure of the onomastic field or space.
A simple target diagram helps to express the hierarchical relationships between the different ranks of proper names in the structure of the onomastic field (Figure 1).
The use of a pie chart visually displays the quantitative relationship of different categories of proper names within the onomastic space (Figure 2).
Figure 1
The creation of macros, automatic generation of a table of contents and convenient insertion of links and footnotes, in turn, are an important means of increasing the productivity of a researcher involved in writing a scientific paper, and at the same time reducing the labor intensity of the work performed. To the extent that any work is initially created according to certain templates and standards approved educational institutions, the researcher has the opportunity to pre-set the sequence of certain operations that he repeatedly performs during the writing of the work, and set text formatting parameters that meet the requirements, thereby saving his time.
Figure 2
In general, we can talk about the dominant role of the MS Word text editor among other MS Office programs in reflecting the results of research work not only by specialists in onomastics, but also in other disciplines of the humanities. MS Word makes it possible to make work less labor-intensive and more efficient, to place emphasis on the most important elements of research, and also to present your research in a modern, accessible and at the same time aesthetic form.
RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF TOURISM
MOSCOW BRANCH
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES FOR PREPARING TEXT DOCUMENTS
Completed by: /Fedina Yu.N./
Group 061302
MOSCOW 2010
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….3
1 CLASSIFICATION OF TRAINING SYSTEMS
TEXT DOCUMENTS……………………………………………………………………..5
1.1 Text editors……………………………………………………………..5
1.2 Word processors…………………………………………………………….7
1.3 Desktop publishing systems…………………………………...12
2 MICROSOFT WORD TEXT PROCESSOR…………..…………..…19
2.1 Example of a program for preparing text documents………......19
2.2 Editing and formatting text…………………………..22
2.3 Minimum set typical operations when preparing text…..24
2.4 Operations performed on paragraphs……………………………...25
2.5 Operations performed on text fragments…………………26
2.6 Additional operations on text……………………………..26
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...29
List of references…………………………………………………………….32
INTRODUCTION
It's hard to imagine our area everyday life, wherever there is room for computers and various automation using them. Where previously a typewriter, calculator and other means of labor automation were used, they have now been replaced by a computer.
The advantages of computer text preparation compared to previously existing ones are undeniable. This includes the ability to correct existing text, create various template documents, automated formatting, various means of adjusting text to standard sheet formats, visual representation of the future document on a computer monitor, and much more. All these capabilities fall into the hands of the end user through the use of specialized programs called text editors or word processors.
It is these kinds of programs that will be given special attention in the process of developing the topic that interests me, using a computer in preparing text, which is the relevance of this topic.
The object of research in this essay is computer technology for preparing text documents.
The subject of the research is to study the process of preparing various text documents.
The purpose of the study is to study in detail the classification of word processors and, using the example of one of them, to analyze text preparation technologies.
To achieve this goal in the abstract, it was necessary to set and solve the following problems:
Explore the tasks and essence of computer technologies for preparing text documents;
Consider the capabilities of various text editors and processors;
Study the features of the processes of preparing text documents using Microsoft Word as an example.
When writing the work, educational and reference literature was used, designed for students of various universities with an in-depth study of information technology, websites were taken that study the processes of preparing text documents: www.chyhareva.ru, www.computer-lectures.ru, www.soft-reg.ru , as well as various abstracts from university students: http://referatz.ru, www.na-otlichno.ru, http://www.5ka.ru, www.site.
The essay on text documents is divided into two chapters. The first chapter discusses various classifications of systems for preparing text documents, which will help you get a holistic understanding of the problem statement and the mechanisms for creating a text document. The second chapter, using the Microsoft Word word processor as an example, outlines the principles of preparation technology for both the structural elements of a text document and the document as a whole.
1 CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS FOR PREPARING TEXT DOCUMENTS
Choosing a specific software product for text processing is a very important moment. A variety of text preparation systems allow the effective use of computers by those specialists who are associated with information technology. At the same time, the most important characteristic of a program of this class for a practical user can be considered the area of professional activity for which the software product is convenient to use.
Currently existing systems for preparing text documents differ significantly from each other in their input and
text editing, formatting and printing; according to the degree of difficulty of mastering by the user; by volume functionality and according to intended use. Based on all these characteristics, they can be classified into three broad categories:
Text editors,
Word processors
Desktop publishing systems.
1.1 Text editors
Program text was historically the first to be processed using a computer. The set of text editor operations determines
features of line-by-line recording of texts in programming languages, although this set is very wide.
All text editors, differing in control methods and typing
service capabilities allow:
Type text displayed on the display screen using up to 200 characters;
Correct erroneous characters in replacement mode;
Insert and delete groups of characters (words) within a line, without translating the part of the line that has not changed, but shifting it entirely to the left/right in insert mode;
Delete one or more lines, copy them or move them to another place in the text;
Expand lines of existing text to insert a new fragment;
Insert groups of lines from other texts;
Detect all occurrences of a specific group of characters (context);
Replace one context with another, possibly of different lengths;
Save the typed text for subsequent adjustments;
Print text on different types of printers using standard printing programs in one font within a document.
A variety of Turbo systems are convenient integrated tools for creating, compiling, debugging and executing programs in such popular programming languages as BASIC, Pascal, C, Prolog, Assembly. A mandatory component of Turbo systems is an editor with extensive capabilities for creating and updating program texts. Turbo systems editor commands are based on the commands of the popular WordStar program and are highly standardized.
1.2 Word processors
Word processors have special functions to make it easier to enter text and present it in printed form, among which are the following:
Text input is controlled by formatting functions that immediately change the appearance of a page of text on the screen and the arrangement of words on it, which gives an approximate idea of the actual location of the text on paper after printing;
A preliminary description of the structure of the future document, which specifies such parameters as the size of paragraph indents, font type and size for various text elements, the location of headings, line spacing, the number of columns of text, the location and method of numbering footnotes, etc.;
Automatic spell check and hints when choosing synonyms;
Entering and editing tables and formulas and displaying them on the screen in the form in which they will be printed;
Combining documents in the process of preparing text for printing;
Automatic compilation of table of contents and alphabetical reference.
Almost all word processors have a unique data structure for representing text, which is explained by the need to include additional information, describing the structure of the document, fonts, etc., since each word or even character can have its own special characteristics.
Currently existing word processors differ significantly from each other in characteristics, capabilities for entering and editing text, its formatting and printing, as well as in the degree of difficulty of mastering by the user. Quite conventionally, these tools can be divided into three large groups:
Word processors entry level,
Powerful professional word processors;
Specialized word processors.
The first group includes products of the WordPad class from the standard Windows package. The most famous are C-WordPad, WordMagic, YeahWrite, Crypt Edit, TextViewer and the domestic Baikal system. Word processors in this group are very easy to use, work faster, require little RAM, and are inexpensive. However, at present, these programs are extremely rarely used for preparing and processing text documents, since they have little text processing capabilities. First of all, they usually do not have two-way paragraph alignment, as required by Russian standards for document preparation; You cannot place hyphens, which worsens the appearance of the printed document.
The MS Works word processor occupies an intermediate position between entry-level processors and powerful professional text preparation systems. The program has a completely standard interface for a Windows application, an editable style library, and a customizable toolbar. The MS Works processor contains a large number of file converters, templates, and wizard programs; there is a system for checking Russian spelling and grammar; the ability to insert footnotes, headers and footers, multi-column layout, frame wrapping, two-way paragraph alignment; automatic hyphenation module; The proprietary document format is very compact. The disadvantages of MS Works include: focus on American standards; the impossibility of using multi-column layout for a certain part of the document; complexity of setting up the interface (in order for all document design tools to be within visibility, you need to customize the toolbar or edit styles). Therefore, the MS Works word processor is very well suited for creating relatively small and simple documents: notes, letters, abstracts, newspaper and magazine articles.
The second group includes powerful professional word processors that allow you to prepare and print complex and large documents, including books. These include MS Word, Corel WordPerfect, Lotus WordPro, StarWriter and the domestic word processor Lexicon.
The most popular program in this group is Microsoft Word, a Windows application designed for creating, viewing, modifying and printing text documents. MS Word is one of the most advanced programs in the class of word processors, which allows you to quickly and easily high quality prepare any document - from a simple note to the original layout of a complex publication. MS Word makes it possible to perform all traditional operations on text, without exception, provided for in modern computer technology:
Typing and modification of unformatted alphanumeric information;
Formatting characters using a variety of TrueType fonts in a variety of styles and sizes;
Page formatting (including headers and footers);
Formatting the document as a whole (automatic creation of a table of contents and various indexes);
Spell checking, selection of synonyms and automatic word hyphenation.
In addition, the MS Word processor implements the technology of linking and embedding objects, which allows you to include text fragments, tables, illustrations prepared in other languages into the document. Windows applications. The program contains a unique collection of such original solutions like: system ready-made templates and design styles; elegant techniques for creating and modifying tables; autotext and autocorrection functions; format brush; custom toolbars; macrolanguage; design of paragraphs, tables, drawings using lines, frames, patterns and other elements of a graphic nature.
The main disadvantage of MS Word is its low productivity when typing draft text; it is too universal a program and is highly labor intensive when entering complex mathematical expressions and chemical formulas.
Serious competitors of the MS Word program are StarWriter, a component of the StarOffice system, and Lexicon, which is part of the Russian Office from the Arsenal company. The StarWriter word processor handles styles much better than Word - they can be selected from the “floating” style panel on the right side of the screen, and making any changes to the style becomes a matter of a couple of seconds. The style library included with StarWriter is superior to that found in MS Word. The StarWriter menu is practically the same as the Microsoft Word menu, so you can switch from one product to another without the slightest difficulty.
The set of basic functions for both processors is similar: automatic hyphenation, autocorrection, spell checking (although StarWriter does not have a stylistic module or thesaurus). In semi-automatic mode, you can create various indexes and tables of contents, and mark important text elements with special bookmarks. All these functions in the StarWriter program are more accessible, since in Microsoft Word some of them are in the third menu
or fourth level. The list of formats supported by the processor includes the following: .TXT, .RTF, .HTML and .DOC modifications of Word 97/2003. The StarOffice software package is used in budget and educational organizations, which cannot always afford to purchase expensive Microsoft Office, and simply do not have the right to use “pirated” copies.
The most popular domestic software product in the processor class is the Lexicon program - a classic multi-window word processor. A new version of this software product Lexicon - XL, allows you to work with spreadsheets, thus partially replacing Microsoft Excel. Compared to the MS Word program, the Lexicon program has fewer features, which, however, can satisfy the needs of the home user and small office employee. The advantage of the program is that the Lexicon delivery includes a set of original Russian-language fonts from the Arsenal company; there are functions added for greater comfort of work in Russian conditions, for example, the ability to quickly recode a fragment mistakenly typed in Latin letters into a normal Russian-language form.
In Microsoft Word, this function can only be implemented with
using macros. By adjusting to Russian office work standards, Lexicon surpasses even Microsoft Word, as it is equipped with a huge library (more than 100) of ready-made document templates used in domestic office work - contracts, reports, certificates, acts and many others, so it is good for working in a small office .
The disadvantage of Lexicon is the lack of function automatic check spelling, punctuation (only at the user’s command) and automatic replacement of a combination of letters with a whole word or phrase of the user’s choice (AutoCorrect); the ability to create tables and work with non-standard paper sizes (other than A4). There are also shortcomings in the program interface Lexicon, for example, the absence (in normal mode) of rulers, sliders that set paragraph boundaries, the need to perform many operations through the program’s main menu items, and not through the usual toolbar buttons.
The third group includes specialized products: all kinds of Web development tools, processors with the function of correcting text after forced recoding, processors with the ability to enter text in oriental languages, specialized programs for typing mathematical, physical and chemical formulas, etc.
For layout of texts with a large number For mathematical and chemical formulas, the LaTex publishing system, created by the American programmer Leslie Lamport, can be used. This system operates on the basis of the specialized programming language TeX, which was developed by the American mathematician Donald Knuth. Currently, the TeX format is the world standard for preparing scientific publications that intensively use formulas. In this case, knowledge of the TeX language itself is not required.
Along with the LaTex system, the PlainTeX and AMS-TeX macro packages are common. The PlainTeX macro package is used in practice as a means for exchanging texts with formulas, and AMS-TeX is a publishing system focused on a narrow range of applications - layout scientific articles for mathematical magazines and books.
The LyX program can be used to create documents with a large number of mathematical, physical and chemical formulas. This product is a visual environment for preparing documents in LaTeX format. The LyX program has the familiar interface of a professional word processor and allows you to create documents with a complex structure, rich in graphics. Stylized text markup, insertion of footnotes, headers and footers, and tables are supported. There is a content generator and built-in multilingual support. The interface can be in several languages, including Russian. The disadvantage is the complexity of file sharing. Apart from native and TeX/LaTeX, you can only read and write documents in TXT and HTML formats. The Windows version of LyX is complex to install and configure and requires bulky components such as a TeX compiler, XWindows emulation environments, and many others.
1.3 Desktop publishing systems
Systems of this class are designed not so much for creating large documents, but for implementing various types of printing effects. NIS programs allow you to easily manipulate text, change page formats and indentation sizes, make it possible to combine different fonts, and work with the material until you are completely satisfied with it. appearance, How individual pages(strips), and the entire publication.
In a number of functionalities, NIS packages are similar to the best word processors, and the boundary separating them is becoming increasingly invisible. However, NIS packages differ from word processors in two ways: important characteristics. Firstly, they have greater control over the preparation of text, for example, compressing and stretching lines, rotating text and changing the distances between lines and paragraphs in very small increments, etc. Secondly, materials prepared in the NIS package look like publications top level quality, not just elegant prints.
Professional desktop publishing;
Entry-level publishing systems.
The systems of the first subgroup are designed to work on editions of documents with a complex structure. These include QuarkXPress, FrameMaker, PageMaker. However, mastering expensive and difficult-to-use “desktop printing houses” usually requires a significant amount of time, so it is hardly advisable to use them for those specialists whose occupation only occasionally needs to beautifully and fairly quickly prepare documentation, a letter or an advertisement.
Systems of the second group are usually not designed for industrial printing products. Users of this class of NIS usually use other programs to solve their problems, and use NIS occasionally, for example, when creating a newsletter or forming greeting card for replication in a small company. The most common NIS packages in this group are Microsoft Publisher and Pageplus for Windows.
The process of preparing any material for publication - printed or electronic - can be divided into several stages:
The first stage - text preparation - is carried out using word processors.
The second stage - preparation of illustrative material - is carried out using graphic editors, such as Adobe Photoshop and CorelDraw.
The third and final stage is layout - the process of turning simple text and illustrations into a publication fully prepared for printing, for example, a page (strip) of a newspaper or magazine, a brochure or book, an advertising brochure or leaflet.
Layout is a job for real professionals who not only know the entire list of actions necessary to create a finished publication, but also have some aesthetic taste. After all, any publication should not only be technically flawless, but also simply
beautiful, pleasing to the eye.
Like any professional programs, layout programs require the user to have special skills and good knowledge of terminology. And they are by no means cheap. However, the exception is Microsoft Publisher, which is included with Microsoft Office. This program is easy to use and inexpensive.
Microsoft Publisher is designed in a manner that is the opposite of traditional desktop publishing programs. Immediately after launching the program, the user is faced with wizard programs that accompany him throughout the entire publication process. This process is fully automated in Microsoft Publisher. The user just needs to ask the program source and pictures and select the required type of publication - Publisher will try to do the rest itself. The user's task is to periodically allow the wizard to move on to the next step, select color schemes (Publisher offers more than 60 for each type of publication) and options for the arrangement of elements in each document. You can completely automate the process of creating some simple publications, since upon first launch the program will ask the user to enter information about himself and the company for which he works. Publisher will then automatically insert this data into the appropriate fields in the publication, giving you the ability to create the same business cards with a few clicks.
The Publisher program will help you prepare the following types of publications, such as newsletters, invitations, postcards, business cards, calendars, advertisements, labels, stickers, all kinds of programs and menus.
Publisher can easily issue both printed and electronic publications. The similarity of its interface with other programs in the Microsoft Office family, the presence of a large number of wizard programs that support step by step creation document, and a large archive of ready-made templates allow even a user ignorant of the art of layout to quickly master the program.
Adobe PageMaker, unlike the previous program, is a professional product, as it behaves quite passively, not offering the user ready-made solutions. Everything is at the discretion of the layout designer himself. Thanks to this, publications designed in PageMaker are more individual than works created in the Publisher program. PageMaker allows you to create multi-page publications large area and volume: books, newspapers, magazines with multi-column layout and insertion of graphic images of popular formats, as well as tables, into the text. In addition, PageMaker is equipped with a built-in spreadsheet editor and word processor, and also allows you to export texts in most popular formats. During layout, you can use previously created templates and styles for each text element. In addition to standard printed publications, PageMaker can also create hypertext documents the Internet, which allows you to use it as a professional Web page editor. It is also possible to create publications in universal format Adobe Acrobat, which look and read the same on any computer, regardless of the fonts and operating system, is often used by professional layout designers.
PageMaker is compatible with other Adobe products - Illustrator and Photoshop, forming a single graphic and publishing office with them. Thanks to this, PageMaker supports the ability to work with multiple layers of text and illustrations. The proposed classification of text preparation systems is largely arbitrary, since some functions of systems of different classes overlap, new versions of processors with more advanced and complex processing procedures are constantly appearing, which blurs the boundaries between classes.
A text editor is a program that provides input, modification and saving of any symbolic text intended for preparing program texts in high-level programming languages, since they do not require formatting (i.e. automatically converting the arrangement of text elements, changing the font and etc.).
Among the many available text editors, the following can be distinguished: Norton Editor; SideKick; Brief; multifunctional multi-window editor Multi-Edit. Turbo systems editors also fall into this category.
Word processor - a text preparation system that provides text in its internal representation special codes- markup and is intended for preparing texts with subsequent printing on paper. Such programs are focused on working with texts that have a document structure, i.e. consisting of paragraphs, pages and sections.
Desktop publishing systems (desktop publishing, DTP or NIS packages) are a complex of hardware and software, intended for computer typing, layout and publication of text and illustrative materials.
Systems for preparing text documents of this class can be divided into two subgroups:
2 TEXT PROCESSOR MICROSOFT WORD
Among modern word processors for preparing documents, the most popular is Microsoft Word. Microsoft Word is a powerful word processor designed to perform all text processing processes: from typing and layout, to spell checking, inserting graphics into text in the *.pcx or *.bmp standard, and printing text. It works with many fonts, both Russian and any of the twenty-one languages of the world.
2.1 Example of a program for preparing text documents
Possibilities Microsoft programs Office can be expanded using special modules - add-ons. Among such programs you can find serious commercial packages (for example, the Orfo spell checker, Lingvo electronic dictionaries, PROMT translator), and small free “macros” created by ordinary users.
Microsoft Word is the basis of any office and, perhaps, the most necessary and popular program in all of Microsoft Office.
Microsoft Word allows you to enter, edit, format and design text, and correctly place it on the page. With this program, you can insert graphics, tables, and charts into your document, and automatically correct spelling and grammatical errors. Text Word editor It also has many other features that greatly facilitate the creation and editing of documents.
The program offers a number of features that save time and effort. Among them:
AutoText – for storing and inserting frequently used words, phrases or graphics;
Styles – for storing and specifying entire sets of formats at once;
Merge – for creating serial letters, printing envelopes and labels;
Macros – for executing a sequence of frequently used commands;
- “masters” – for creating professionally designed documents.
Using Word for Windows, you can create tables and charts. Word for Windows also includes an equation editor that allows you to enter formulas of varying complexity.
Word for Windows gives you the ability to check your spelling. When checking, each word in the document is compared with samples in a special dictionary. If the word is not found in the dictionary, a dialog box will open in which you can make the necessary corrections.
Quite often, many employees have to create documents based on standard unified forms or forms developed and approved within the organization, as well as various types documents of the same type (serial letters, certificates, etc.). With an automated method of preparing this type of document, two options are possible:
Create the required form in the form of a document (for example, it will be a file with the extension .doc) and then change the variable part of the text in it;
Create the required form as a template (file with the extension .dot) and then create new documents based on the developed template and fill in the fields containing a variable part of the text. A template is a kind of stencil with certain properties, which include a set of styles, template texts, macros, keyboard shortcuts, additional menu items and custom toolbars in separate file with extension .DOT.
Templates used:
1. To standardize and unify the work of all employees of the organization with standard and similar types of documents. All employees create documents based on common templates (files with the .dot extension), and the templates must be prepared in such a way that the template text cannot be edited by users, but only input fields containing variable information in the form are available for entry and adjustment.
2. To increase the efficiency of preparing serial documents that are intended for distribution to a large number of addressees. Such documents are created based on templates using the merge function. By merging, document texts are created containing a fixed, unchangeable part (stencil) and variable text fragments (filling), i.e. merging the standard text (stencil) with the information to be filled in.
So the package application programs Microsoft Office contains programs that allow you to create text documents, spreadsheet documents, databases, presentations, work with graphics, by email and so on. That is, Office makes it possible to create almost any type of document. Currently, Microsoft Office is installed on almost all computers, regardless of whether the computer is at home or in an organization. Microsoft Office became so widespread due to the fact that it was the first package of application programs that contained such a volume of capabilities, while being completely Russified and easy to use. The main advantage of these programs is that in addition to all the conveniences that the authors of this package have already created, the user can adapt any program to suit himself. comfortable work it includes: changing color, scale, moving frequently used buttons to the toolbar, creating templates, creating new functions, and so on.
IN lately Few people use text editors to create documents. The advent of Microsoft Word supplanted them. On at the moment It is already difficult to determine whether Microsoft Word belongs to word processors or desktop publishing, it has so many functions.
2.2 Editing and formatting text
Formatting operations include breaking text into lines (within paragraphs) and pages, choosing the location of paragraphs, indents and spaces between paragraphs, wrapping around individual paragraphs, and font types and styles. These operations are performed by various word processors with varying degrees of automation. Microsoft Word performs line and page breaks automatically (this property is a hallmark of powerful word processors). Thus, after entering from the keyboard the initial formatting settings (commands) determined by the specific type of document, the word processor automatically reformats the document.
The essence of formatting is the ability of a word processor to change the design of a document on a page, namely:
Change the boundaries of the working field, defining the fields at the top, bottom, left, right;
Install line spacing(sparseness of lines on the page) and letter spacing in a word;
Align text - center, press to left or right border
Distribute words evenly in a line;
Use different fonts, etc.
When you edit a document, its content changes, and when you format a document, you change its appearance. Text editors distinguish between character formatting and paragraph formatting.
When formatting characters, font parameters are usually set: typeface, size, style, underline type, etc.
A typeface is a term that defines the overall shape of characters. For example, the roman typeface is a common name for a whole family of classic fonts, and is distinguished by serifs at the ends of letters and combinations of thick and thin lines in the style of the character. This typeface is easy to read, so font developers have created many similar-looking fonts based on it, for example, the Times New Roman font that comes with Windows.
For any fragment of a document (words, lines, paragraphs, sentences, or the entire document), you can set the font. The concept of a font includes a combination of the following parameters:
Font type (or typeface). This could be the Times, Courier, etc.;
Font size. Specified in points. For example: 14 pt, 16 pt, etc.;
Style (regular, bold, italic, bold italic);
Type of underline (single, double, wavy, etc.);
Font color;
Effects (superscript, subscript, strikethrough, shadow, etc.);
In the Microsoft Word editor, more subtle font formatting can be done by selecting a piece of text and selecting the Format / Font... This command opens a dialog box in which you can make all the provided font design options.
Formatting is often applied to a paragraph. Have you noticed that as soon as the text you enter reaches the right border, the word processor will automatically translate it to next line. In other words, if the word you enter is too long to fit on the remaining line, the text editor automatically starts a new line. If you have finished a given paragraph and want the cursor to move to the beginning of the next one, press Enter
Paragraph - a piece of text whose input process ended by pressing the enter key
2.3 Minimum set of standard operations when preparing the text
The minimum set of standard operations includes operations performed on the document as a whole, on paragraphs of the document and on its fragments. Operations performed with a document include:
Creating a new document - assigning a unique name to the document and typing all the text of the document on the keyboard;
Saving a document - copying a document from RAM to the outside;
Delete a document - delete a created or downloaded document from the screen;
Printing a document - creating a hard (paper) copy of a document.
2.4 Operations performed on paragraphs
The paragraph is a key element in document structure for many word processors. These operations include setting paragraph boundaries and paragraph indents, alignment, and enabling word wrap. Paragraph boundaries are set using indent markers located on the coordinate ruler or using the corresponding menu commands.
Alignment (flatness). There are four types of horizontal (left, right, center, justified) and three types of vertical alignment (up, down, height).
Wrapping when automatic hyphenation is turned off, a word that does not fit on a line is completely wrapped to the next line. This does not add elegance to the text; its right edge remains uneven. To improve the appearance of text, use the hyphenation mode. With the manual transfer option, the user himself determines the location of the transfer by entering a hyphen and rigidly moving the carriage (by pressing the key
When the automatic hyphenation mode is turned on, a soft hyphenation option is implemented: the word processor itself divides the word into syllables and hyphenates it in the best possible way. This mode does not create any difficulties when reformatting.
2.5 Operations performed on text fragments
These operations include selecting a piece of text, moving it, copying or deleting it, which were discussed in the previous section of the chapter. In addition, you can print a selected piece of text, search and replace characters, apply font highlighting, and a number of other operations.
2.6 Additional operations on text
Spelling and syntax checking mode running special programs(Speller/Checker), which can be standalone or built into a word processor. These programs vary significantly in their capabilities. The most powerful of them check not only spelling, but also declension, conjugation, punctuation and even style. This mode is used to control one word, page or entire document. The specified word is compared with its spelling in the dictionary and, in case of any discrepancies, is displayed on the screen for editing. The user is then offered the following choice:
Carry out correction;
Ignore the error;
Add this word to the auxiliary dictionary.
Many text editors offer additional services(for example, spelling variations of a word) that make it easier to correct errors. But remember that the program's capabilities depend on the completeness of the dictionary. Therefore, constantly update the auxiliary dictionary by adding words that are not in the original dictionary.
Using macros. A macro is a file that stores a program for a sequence of actions specified by the user. The macro has a unique name.
Using macros, you can automate many typical technological steps when working with documents, for example, a macro that executes a sequence of commands to create a style for each paragraph of a document. After calling a macro, the sequence of actions or commands recorded in it will be exactly reproduced
A macro can be created in two ways:
Automatically in a special word processor mode by recording a sequence of user actions;
Programming a sequence of commands to be executed.
The macro can be stored in the document file itself. It can also be stored in a special style file as an element of the general environment of the document.
An effective tool for developing both templates and regular documents is the so-called autotext (thesaurus). Autotext is created on the basis of a special dictionary (glossary), which includes frequently used words, phrases and pictures, which are inserted into the document as necessary. Any of the specified AutoText elements can be saved under a specific name along with its style.
Drawing conclusions from the second chapter, it is important to note that among modern word processors for preparing documents, the most popular is Microsoft Word. Microsoft Word is a powerful word processor designed to perform all text processing processes: from typing and layout, to spell checking, inserting graphics into text in the *.pcx or *.bmp standard, and printing text. It works with many fonts, both Russian and any of the twenty-one languages of the world.
One of the many useful properties of Word includes automatic text correction along borders, automatic word wrapping and spelling correction, saving text for a certain set period of time, the presence of text wizards and templates that allow you to create business letter, fax, autobiography, schedule, calendar and much more.
Word provides a search for a given word or text fragment, replacing it with a specified fragment, deleting it, copying it to the internal buffer, or replacing it by font, typeface or font size, as well as by superscript or subscript characters. To restrict access to a document, you can set a password for the text, which Word will ask when loading the text in order to perform any actions with it.
CONCLUSION
Summarizing the results from the first chapter, we can highlight that among systems for preparing texts in natural languages, three large classes can be distinguished that have relatively blurred boundaries: text editors (formatters), word processors and desktop publishing systems.
A text editor is a program that provides input, modification and saving of any symbolic text intended for preparing program texts in high-level programming languages, since they do not require formatting (i.e. automatically converting the arrangement of text elements, changing the font and etc.).
Among the many available text editors, the following can be distinguished: Norton Editor; SideKick; Brief; multifunctional multi-window editor Multi-Edit. Turbo systems editors also fall into this category.
A word processor is a text preparation system that, in its internal representation, supplies the text with special codes - markup and is intended for preparing texts with subsequent printing on paper. Such programs are focused on working with texts that have a document structure, i.e. consisting of paragraphs, pages and sections.
Currently existing word processors differ significantly from each other, and these tools can be divided into three large groups:
Entry-level word processors (WordPad, C-WordPad, WordMagic, YeahWrite, Crypt Edit, TextViewer, MS Works and the domestic Baikal system);
Powerful professional word processors (MS Word, Corel WordPerfect, Lotus WordPro, StarWriter, domestic word processor Lexicon);
Specialized word processors (LaTex, PlainTeX and AMS-TeX, LyX).
Desktop publishing systems (desktop publishing, DTP or NIS packages) are a set of hardware and software designed for computer typing, layout and publication of text and illustrative materials.
Systems for preparing text documents of this class can be divided into two subgroups:
Professional desktop publishing (QuarkXPress, FrameMaker, PageMaker);
Entry-level publishing systems (Microsoft Publisher and Pageplus for Windows).
Drawing conclusions from the second chapter, it is important to note that among modern word processors for preparing documents, the most popular is Microsoft Word. Microsoft Word is a powerful word processor designed to perform all text processing processes: from typing and layout, to spell checking, inserting graphics into text in the *.pcx or *.bmp standard, and printing text. It works with many fonts, both Russian and any of the twenty-one languages of the world.
One of the many useful properties of Word includes automatic text correction along borders, automatic word hyphenation and spelling correction, saving text for a certain set period of time, the presence of text wizards and templates that allow you to create a business letter, fax, autobiography, schedule in a matter of minutes, calendar and much more.
Word provides a search for a given word or text fragment, replacing it with a specified fragment, deleting it, copying it to the internal buffer, or replacing it by font, typeface or font size, as well as by superscript or subscript characters. To restrict access to a document, you can set a password for the text, which Word will ask when loading the text in order to perform any actions with it.
LIST OF REFERENCES USED:
1. Goncharov R.V., Lyubimov M.F., Savelyeva N.G. Informatics. Computer systems and networks. Study guide., 644 p.
2. Self-instruction manual, Microsoft Word “Help”.298c.
3. I.K. Korneev, V.A. Mashurtsev., Information technologies in management, Publisher: Infra-M., 450p.
5. Computer technology preparation of text documents, educational website of Olga Valerievna Chukhareva: www.chyhareva.ru/obrab/podgot_text_dok/index.html.
6. Section “abstracts, tests”, discipline “computer science”, type of work “abstract”: www.na-otlichno.ru/catalog/3/162/6338.html.
7. Computer technologies for preparing text documents, abstract http://referatz.ru/view_work.htm?id_work=104054&s_special=86.
8. Computer program preparation of documents used for registration of individual entrepreneurs, non-profit organizations, formation of documents, creation of documents: www.soft-reg.ru.
9. Text editor MS Word, abstract: http://www.5ka.ru/30/5256/1.html
10. Text files. Editors text files, abstract: www..html
11. Fundamentals of computer science and computer technology, lectures: www.computer-lectures.ru/tekstovye-redaktory/
General characteristics of the word processor Word. Objects. Toolbars. Templates. Styles. Creating and saving a document. Editing a document. Document formatting. Tables in text documents. Inserting a picture into a document. Drawing using Word tools. Composition of a text document. Font design of the text. Formatting, text editing. Spell check. Formula editor. Hyphenation. Organization of links. Headers and footers. Preview. Formatting characters and paragraphs, setting line spacing. Inserting into a document drawings, diagrams and tables created in other modes or other programs. Organization of multi-column text. Edit, copy and move pasted objects. Setting page parameters and breaking text into pages. Installation of headers and footers, installation of watermarks. Footnote organization. Making lists. Using a bookmark when working on a document. Organization of commentary. Installing, formatting and editing a table. Setting hyperlinks to document fields. Using AutoText Elements. Styles of complex documents. Development and application of templates. Set printing options. Printing a document.
Topic 4. Introduction to using table processors.
General characteristics of electronic tables. Basic concepts. Basic techniques for working in Excel. Excel graphics capabilities. Data processing. Filtering data in the list. Formation of results in a spreadsheet. Pivot tables. Preparing data for printing. Spreadsheet worksheet. Spreadsheet structure: cell, row, column. Cell addresses. Data entry and editing. Calculations using formulas and standard functions. Ways to search for information in a spreadsheet. Types and format of data: numbers, formulas, text. Editing, copying information. Visual design of the table. Eliminate errors in the table. Working with lists. Manual formatting. Auto-formatting. Frames and dividing lines. Color division worksheet. Wizard of functions for organizing calculations. Preparation of diagrams. Eliminating errors in tables. Editing numerical values in table fields. Using forms to enter and search data in lists. Sorting and summing up a list. List filtering. Preparing pivot tables. Editing a macro. Assigning a macro to a button. Using the keyboard when working in the MSExcel spreadsheet environment.
Topic 5. Introduction to the use of database management systems (DBMS).
General characteristics of the Access DBMS. Main features. Getting started in Access. Creating, loading, viewing and updating a database (DB). Tables, linking tables, designing forms, queries, pivot tables. Database queries. Generating and outputting reports. Using the “Designer” and “Wizards” modes when creating a database. Classification of databases. Structural elements of the database. Data models. Development of a relational database. Data normalization. Database management systems (DBMS).Working in the MSAccess DBMS environment: preparing database tables, DBMS working window. Formation of a new database: setting field properties, setting Input Mask properties, setting a primary key, counter key fields, setting a foreign key, cascading, setting relationships, types of relationships between tables, entering information into the database. Formation and work with requests. Generating forms for the created database. Generating and printing reports for an existing database.
What parameters make up the page format, suggest their values for the design of a sheet for the initial examination of an inpatient.
What is a font characterized by, what types of font styles do you know.
4. What parameters does the paragraph format include, explain their purpose.
5. Suggest a page format, font and paragraph for formatting an extract from a hospital patient’s medical record, a certificate of the patient’s stay in the hospital.
6. Describe the device Microsoft windows Word and indicate the purpose of its main elements.
7. Describe the sequence of actions for preparing a text document.
8. What is a header and footer and what is it intended for.
9. What types of lists do you know?
LESSON No. 3
Multifunctional text Microsoft processor Word: Create complex text documents
Need to know: principles and technology of organizing and processing tabular information using the Microsoft Word text editor; principles and technology of illustrating text documents with graphic objects.
You must be able to: enter letters of the Latin alphabet; create tables using the Microsoft Word text editor; move them around the sheet; resize tables, rows and columns; merge and split cells; align row widths and column heights; insert and delete table elements; change the direction of text in the table; apply alignment to text in cells; use the “Draw Table”, “Eraser”, “Border” tools; apply color fill; set font color; create various graphic objects; select and move them; change object sizes, line type and color, fill; add text; align and distribute objects; change the order of their arrangement; group and ungroup objects; insert and format WordArt objects.
Basic principles for creating complex documents,
containing lists and tables
The multifunctional word processor Microsoft Word has ample capabilities for creating complex documents containing special text design elements and embedded objects. An example of the former are lists, the latter include tables, formulas, diagrams, artistic headings, illustrations, etc.
Tables are an important element of a text document, making information more visual and easy to understand. When creating tables, it is important to remember that its cells can contain not only text, but also illustrations and other information, and the grid can be hidden (invisible). Thanks to this, the table turns into a powerful tool for discretely placing objects on the page.
An important element of medical documents are illustrations: photographs, radiographs, operation diagrams, etc. The multifunctional word processor Microsoft Word provides ample opportunities for formatting text documents with graphic objects. You can use two types: vector and raster. Raster images consist of many dots, each of which is characterized by a specific color. Photographs are examples of such images. The basic element of vector images is a line, which has a number of properties.
Microsoft Word has relatively powerful means for creating vector graphic objects. Raster images can be inserted into a text document from files prepared in special graphics editors.
Microsoft Word contains a gallery of pictures, mostly of symbolic content.
TASK 1
Create a work schedule for doctors at the Zdorovye Medical Center in strict accordance with the sample.
Procedure for completing the task
Lesson 3-task1 .
2. Set page parameters: A4 sheet; landscape orientation; margins are 1.5 cm.
3. Create a title.
Use insert WordArt. Using a button Add WordArt located on the toolbar Drawing, open the dialog box. Select the desired label style and click the button Ok. In the next dialog box, enter text and a font size of 20 pt. Click the button Ok. Stretch the object's frame so that the title takes up the entire width of the sheet, excluding the margins. Apply center alignment: from context menu open dialog box Object Format, and in it - a tab Position.
4. Create a table consisting of 10 columns and 7 rows.
In this case, it is best to use the following method. Indent one line from the title. Place the cursor where you want the top left corner of the table to be. Open the Table>Add>Table dialog box, enter the number of rows and columns in the appropriate fields, and click Ok.
5. Fill out the table (font Times New Roman 14 pt, style - in accordance with the sample, one and a half line spacing).
Remember that any formatting of the table and text is carried out only after finishing typing. Note that some cells must be merged; enter text in one of the cells to be merged.
When typing the hours of work of doctors, use copying. You can copy individual cells and rows, as well as entire blocks consisting of many cells.
6. Change the direction of the text in the first column.
Select a column and use dialog box Change the direction of the text by calling it from the context menu or using the corresponding button on the Tables and Borders toolbar.
7. Merge the corresponding cells.
Select the group of cells to be merged. Use the Merge Cells command from the context menu or the corresponding button on the Tables and Borders toolbar.
8. Adjust the width of the columns according to the sample.
Adjust the width of the first four columns manually by dragging the borders with the mouse. Select the remaining columns and apply the Align Columns Width command to them.
9. Align the text in the cells as shown.
Use the Align in Cell command. It allows you to align text not only horizontally, but also vertically.
10. Expand a little top line.
Drag its border.
11. Reduce font size vertical text in the first column up to 12 pt.
12. Draw up the lines in the table according to the sample.
Use the Tables and Borders toolbar. In the appropriate fields, select the required line type and thickness. Draw lines with the Draw Table tool. You can use the Border tool. Having previously selected the corresponding fragment or the entire table, select the type of tool (External borders, Upper border, etc.). Remove the extra lines in the upper left corner of the table with the Eraser tool.
13. Fill the table with color according to the sample.
Select the table fragment to be filled with this color. Click the Fill Color button on the Tables and Borders toolbar and select the color you want.
14. Change the font color on the top line.
Select the top line, open the Format>Font dialog box and select white in the appropriate field. You can also use the corresponding button on the Toolbar.
15. Complete the signature box for the chief physician.
16. Check that the document matches the sample and save the final version.
TASK 2
Create a scheme for heme biosynthesis exactly corresponding to the sample.
Procedure for completing the task
1. Create a document in your folder under the nameLesson3-Task2 .
2. Set page parameters: A4 sheet; book orientation; all margins are 2 cm. Turn on automatic hyphenation.
3. Draw a text block 1cm high and 7cm wide.
Use the tool Inscription located on the panel Drawing. Place the mouse pointer, which has taken the form of a cross, at the point where one of the corners of the figure should be. While holding down left button mouse, drag the pointer to the opposite corner. To set exact dimensions, open the dialog box Object Format(using the context menu, having previously selected the figure). Select a tab Size and enter the height and width in the appropriate fields.
4. Change the line and fill parameters of the object.
Don't forget to select the object. Use the buttons Line type And Fill color on the toolbar Drawing.
5. With the cursor in the block, assign the following parameters: Arial font, 14 pt, center alignment, single line spacing.
6. Copy the block and place the required number of copies according to the sample.
To copy, it is convenient to drag the shapes with the mouse while holding down the key Ctrl.
7. Enter text into the blocks.
Please note that you enter Roman numerals. Use capital letters of the Latin alphabet. Switching Russian and English layouts is usually done using the Shift+Ctrl or Ctrl+Alt keys.
8. Draw a circle and enter the appropriate text into it.
Draw a circle with the tool Oval, while pressing the key Shift. Choose a 2.25 pt single line for it, don't forget to fill it with color. To enter an inscription in the circle, use the context menu command Add text. Type your text in 28 pt capital letters. Try to place the word exactly in the center of the circle.
9. Place the shapes on the sheet according to the sample.
First, ensure that the shapes are evenly spaced vertically by dragging them manually (the diagram should fill the entire page, and the distance between the shapes should be approximately the same). To align the shapes horizontally, proceed as follows. If there is one figure at a given level, the window AutoShape Format called from the context menu, on the tab Position select an option Centered. If there are two figures next to each other, use the command Actions>Align/Distribute>Distribute Horizontally, having previously selected both shapes (click on each of them with the mouse while holding down the Shift).
10. Draw connecting lines.
Select a 2.25 pt single line. Draw lines using the tool Line. Try to draw lines exactly through the middle of the sides of the blocks, but don’t bother adjusting the ends of the lines - let them go to other shapes. Draw lines located on the same straight line in one step, right on top of the blocks. To correct lines overlapping adjacent shapes, select all the lines and apply the command Actions>Order>Send to Back. To draw dotted lines, use the button Stroke type on the toolbar Drawing.
11. Enter the names of the enzyme and draw the corresponding arrow.
Create a text block to place the name of the enzyme, use the corresponding buttons to select the line color for it No lines and fill color No fill. Set the text parameters: 12 pt red Arial font, left alignment, single line spacing. Enter text. Draw an arrow using the panel tool Drawing AutoShapes>Curly arrows. To fine-tune the arrow position, move it while pressing the key Alt.
Text processing as a direction in the development of technology arose in the first decade of the 20th century. with the advent of the mechanical writing machine. Then, for more than half a century, the typewriter remained the only publicly available means of producing printed text on paper. Obviously, when printing on a typewriter, the most labor-intensive process is the process of making changes to the text, when, at best, a new version of the document is created with the help of scissors and glue, which is then completely retyped to obtain a final version. During the printing process, typos are covered up or corrected by erasing and reprinting. The greatest improvements in the typewriter, such as the ability to print frequently repeated texts using a mechanical reader with perforation-coded characters, did not fundamentally change the process of preparing text.
With the advent of the microprocessor and personal computers on their basis, the preparation of text documents acquired a fundamentally new basis. In the 1980s Many programs for preparing text documents for various personal computers have been developed, differing both in functionality and in the organization of interaction with users (interface). In the last few years, programs with such capabilities have become widespread that they can be considered desktop publishing systems, allowing not only input and editing of text, but also interactive layout of complex text with illustrations.
Currently existing computer systems for preparing text documents differ significantly from each other in characteristics, capabilities for entering and editing text, its formatting and printing, as well as in the degree of difficulty of mastering by the user. Choosing a specific software product for text processing is a very important moment. A variety of text preparation systems allow those specialists involved in information technology to effectively use the computer. The selection process involves many factors, but first of all it is necessary to use the principle of reasonable sufficiency.
The most important characteristic of a program of this class for a practical user would be area of professional activity, for which the software product is easy to use. Tools for preparing text documents are used for typing program texts, documents of varying degrees of complexity, scientific articles, books, etc. The limiting factor may be the user's qualifications.
The most relevant in the process of preparing a text document is the organization interface user, which primarily includes the language of communication with the program, as well as input/output devices (keyboard, mouse, video terminal screen and printing device). Modern systems for preparing text documents are mostly user-friendly user interface. However, developers of text preparation programs take into account the fact that each user has their own style of working on a document (what is convenient for one group of users is a hindrance for another). Therefore, the most attractive for the document developer are those software environments in which it is possible to customize the interface to suit your tastes and needs.
From the point of view of user convenience, one of the most important properties of word processors is the complete correspondence of the hard copy (on paper) to the image of the document on the screen. This characteristic in English is called WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get - what you see is what you get). When choosing a program, the amount of memory occupied and the price play an important role.
Currently existing computer systems for preparing text documents can be classified according to the amount of functionality or intended use (Fig. 9.1).
Rice. 9.1. Classification of text document preparation systems
Text editor(text editor) provides input, modification and saving of any symbolic text, but it is intended mainly for preparing program texts in high-level programming languages, since they do not require formatting, i.e. automatic conversion of the arrangement of text elements, changing the font, etc. n. Program text was historically the first to be processed using a computer. The set of operations of text editors determines the features of line-by-line writing of texts in programming languages, although this set is very wide.
The result of the screen editor is a file in which all the characters are characters from the ASCII (American Standards Committee for Information Interchange) code table with codes whose values are greater than 31, as well as characters new line. Such files are called ASCII files.
Differing in control methods and set of service capabilities, all text editors in one form or another allow you to:
Type text displayed on the video monitor screen, using up to 200 characters;
Correct erroneous characters in replacement mode;
Insert and delete groups of characters (words) within a line, without translating the unchanged part of the line, but shifting it entirely to the left (right) in insert mode;
Delete one or more lines, copy them or move them to another place in the text;
Insert groups of lines from other texts;
Detect all occurrences of a specific group of characters (context);
Replace one context with another, possibly of different lengths;
Save the typed text for subsequent adjustments;
Print text on different types printing devices (printers) with standard printing programs in one font within a document.
Among the many available text editors, we can highlight Norton Editor (Peter Norton Computing Inc.), SideKick (Borland), Brief (Solution Systems), multifunctional multi-window editor Multi-Edit (American Cybernetics Inc.), Notepad editor included in the OS Windows. The editors of Turbo Programming Systems also fall into this category. A variety of Turbosystems provide convenient integrated tools for creating, compiling, debugging and executing programs in such popular programming languages as BASIC, Pascal, C, Prolog, Assembly. A mandatory component of Turbosystems is an editor with extensive capabilities for creating and updating program texts. The TurboSystem editor commands are based on the commands of the popular Word Star program and are highly standardized.
When the user's main task is to prepare texts in natural languages for printing and print these documents, the set of editor operations must be significantly expanded, and the software product becomes a new quality - a text preparation system - a product that corresponds to the English term word processor. Such document processing programs are focused on working with texts that have a document structure, that is, consisting of paragraphs, pages and sections.
Among the systems for preparing texts in natural languages, three large classes can be distinguished, but with rather blurred boundaries: formatters, word processors and desktop publishing.
Based on the internal structure of the document being prepared, the following approach to the classification of text preparation systems could be proposed.
Formatter- a text preparation system that does not use any special codes for internal text representation, except for the standard ones: end of line, carriage return, end of page (essentially works with ASCII files).
Word processor- a system for preparing texts, which in its internal representation supplies the text itself with special codes - markup. Basically, text editors and word processors differ in purpose: the former create ASCII files, which are then used by compilers or formatters, the latter are intended for preparing texts for subsequent printing on paper; the form of text presentation is of great importance.
Word processors have special features that are designed to make it easier to enter text and present it in printed form. Among these functions are the following:
Text input is controlled by formatting functions that immediately change the appearance of a page of text on the screen and the placement of words on it, giving an approximate idea of the actual layout of the text on paper after printing;
The possibility of a preliminary description of the structure of the future document, in which such parameters as the size of paragraph indents, font type and size for various text elements, the location of headings, line spacing, the number of columns of text, the location and method of numbering footnotes, etc. are set;
The ability to automatically check spelling and receive hints when choosing synonyms;
The ability to enter and edit tables and formulas and display them on the screen in the form in which they will be printed;
Possibility of combining documents in the process of preparing text for printing;
Possibility of automatic compilation of table of contents and alphabetical reference.
Most word processors have tools for customizing the computer's hardware configuration, in particular the type of graphics adapter and video monitor.
Almost all word processors have a unique data structure for representing text, which is explained by the need to include additional information in the text describing the structure of the document, fonts, etc., since each word or even character may have its own special characteristics. Therefore, text prepared using one word processor generally cannot be read by other word processors and, therefore, cannot be edited and printed. For the purpose of compatibility of text documents when transferring them from one word processor to another, there is special kind software -converters, providing the output file in the format of a word processor - the recipient of the document. The converter program receives information in one format as input, and as a result of its work it produces information as a file in another (required) format. Further improvements in word processing systems led to the fact that stand-alone converter programs practically ceased to exist and became an integral part of the text preparation system. Today, the most prominent representatives of word processing programs support popular file formats due to built-in conversion modules.
Currently existing word processors differ significantly from each other in characteristics, capabilities for entering and editing text, its formatting and printing, as well as in the degree of difficulty of mastering by the user. Quite conventionally, these tools can be divided into two categories.
The first category includes word processors that allow you to prepare and print complex and large documents, including books. These include WinWord, WordPerfect, ChiWriter, WordStar 2000, AmiPRo, T 3. The most popular domestic product in this class, in our opinion, is the Lexicon word processor.
Word processors of the second category have significantly fewer capabilities, but are easier to use, work faster, require less RAM, and are significantly lower in cost. Word processing systems designed specifically for executives are simpler and easier to use. This category includes Beyond Word Writer, Professional Write, Symantec Just Write, DacEasy Word.
Desktop publishing prepare texts according to printing rules and with typographic quality. Just as word processors are not an “evolution” of formatters, desktop publishing is not a more advanced extension of word processors, since they have a completely different purpose.
Desktop publishing systems (desktop publishing, DTP packages or NIS) are essentially a typesetting tool. Programs of this class are intended not so much for creating large documents, but for implementing various types of printing effects. That is, the desktop publishing program allows you to easily manipulate text, change page formats, the size of indents, makes it possible to combine different fonts, work with the material until you are completely satisfied with the appearance of both individual pages (pages of the publication) and the entire publication.
In a number of functionalities, NIS packages are similar to the best word processors, and the boundary separating them is becoming increasingly invisible.
But NIS packages differ from word processors in two more important characteristics. Firstly, NIS packages have greater control over text preparation. Secondly, materials prepared in the NIS package look like publications of the highest level of quality, and not just like elegant printouts.
All packages have features that are not found in the vast majority of word processors, such as compressing and stretching lines, rotating text, and changing the spacing between lines and paragraphs in very small increments, etc.
An external file prepared by a word processor can only be printed by that same word processor. As a rule, printing can be done on any type of printer, including laser. Texts prepared by desktop publishing houses are printed only on laser printers.
Among the systems for preparing text documents in this class, we can also propose a division into two subgroups: professional-level desktop publishing and entry-level publishing systems. Systems of the first subgroup are designed to work on publications of documents with a complex structure or such as an illustrated magazine. Professional-level systems include QuarkXPress for Windows, FrameMaker for Windows, PageMaker for Windows. However, mastering expensive and difficult-to-use “desktop printing houses” usually requires a significant amount of time, so it is hardly advisable to use them for those specialists whose occupation only occasionally needs to beautifully and fairly quickly prepare documentation, a letter or an advertisement.
Systems of the second group are usually not intended for production of industrial printing products. Users of this class of NIS usually use other programs to solve their problems, and use NIS sporadically, for example, when creating a newsletter or generating a greeting card for circulation in a small company. All packages in this category are aimed at the beginner and the user who devotes only part of his working time to publishing. The most common in this group are Microsoft Publisher and Pageplus for Windows.
The proposed classification of text preparation systems is largely arbitrary, since some functions of text editors of various classes overlap, new versions of editors with more advanced and complex processing procedures are constantly appearing, which blurs the boundaries between classes.
Preparing texts using word processors consists of sequentially performing a number of stages:
Typing;
Editing entered information;
Formatting (design) of individual structural elements of the future document;
Printing a document;
Saving document text and maintaining a text archive.